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Genrikh Yagoda
Genrikh Grigoryevich Yagoda ((ロシア語:Ге́нрих Григо́рьевич Яго́да); 7 November 1891–15 March 1938), born Yenokh Gershevich Iyeguda ((ロシア語:Енох Гершевич Иегуда)) was a Soviet secret police official who served as director of the NKVD, the Soviet Union's security and intelligence agency, from 1934 to 1936. Appointed by Joseph Stalin, Yagoda supervised the arrest, show trial, and execution of the Old Bolsheviks Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, events that manifested the beginnings of the Great Purge. Yagoda also supervised the construction of the White Sea – Baltic Canal using slave labor from the GULAG system, during which many of the laborers died.
Like many Soviet secret policemen of the 1930s, Yagoda himself was ultimately a victim of the Purge. He was demoted from the directorship of the NKVD in favor of Nikolai Yezhov in 1936, and arrested in 1937. Charged with the crimes of wrecking, espionage, Trotskyism and conspiracy, Yagoda was a defendant at the Trial of the Twenty-One, the last of the major Soviet show trials of the 1930s. Following his confession at the trial, Yagoda was found guilty and shot.
==Early life==
Yagoda was born in Rybinsk into a Jewish family. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1907. Contrary to the rumors invented by himself, Yagoda was never a pharmacist but in fact an apprentice engraver in Yakov Sverdlov's father's workshop. Yagoda subsequently married Sverdlov's niece Ida Averbach, which permitted him, after the October Revolution of 1917, to be promoted through the ranks of the ''Cheka'' (the NKVD's predecessor), becoming Felix Dzerzhinsky's second deputy in September 1923. After Dzerzhinsky's appointment as chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy in January 1924, Yagoda became the real manager of the Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie, as the deputy chairman Vyacheslav Menzhinsky had little authority because of his serious illness. The troika Grigory Zinoviev-Lev Kamenev-Joseph Stalin wanted a symbolic direction represented by Felix Dzerzhinsky and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky and an effective direction represented by Yagoda, who was neither a people's commissar nor a central committee member, to ensure that the GPU remained loyal to the party. In 1931, Yagoda was demoted to second deputy chairman.
As deputy head of the GPU, Yagoda organized the building of the White Sea – Baltic Canal using forced labor from the Gulag system at breakneck speed between 1931 and 1933 at the cost of huge casualties.〔(Gulag, The Storm projects - The White Sea Canal ), ''Gulag.eu''. Retrieved 28 August 2011.〕 For his contribution to the canal’s construction he was later awarded the Order of Lenin.〔(Russia: Canal Heroes ), ''Time Magazine''; 14 August 1933. Retrieved 28 August 2011.〕 The construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal was also started under his watch but only completed after his fall by his successor Nikolai Yezhov.〔(Russia: Stalin's Mercy ); ''Time Magazine''; 26 July 1937. Retrieved on 28 August 2011.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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